Thermal Pollution
Thermal Pollution
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Thermal pollution is a temperature change in natural water bodies caused by human influence. The temperature change be upwards or downwards. In the Northern Hemisphere, a common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant, especially in power plants. Water used as a coolant is returned to the natural environment at a higher temperature. Increases in water temperature can impact on aquatic ecosystem organisms by (a) decreasing oxygen supply, (b) killing fish juveniles which are vulnerable to small increases in temperature, and (c) affecting ecosystem composition. In the Southern Hemisphere, thermal pollution is commonly caused by the release of very cold water from the base of reservoirs, with severe affects on fish (particularly eggs and larvae), macroinvertebrates and river productivity.
Ecological effects — warm water Warm water typically decreases the level of dissolved oxygen in the water. The decrease in levels of dissolved oxygen can harm aquatic animals such as fish, amphibians and copepods. Thermal pollution may also increase the metabolic rate of aquatic animals, as enzyme activity, resulting in these organisms consuming more food in a shorter time than if their environment were not changed. An increased metabolic rate may result in food source shortages, causing a sharp decrease in a population. Changes in the environment may also result in a migration of organisms to another, more suitable environment, and to in-migration of organisms that normally only live in warmer waters elsewhere. This leads to competition for fewer resources; the more adapted organisms moving in may have an advantage over organisms that are not used to the warmer temperatures. As a result one has the problem of compromising food chains of the old and new environments. Biodiversity can be decreased as a result.
It is known that temperature changes of even one to two degrees Celsius can cause significant changes in organism metabolism and other adverse cellular biology effects. Principal adverse changes can include rendering cell walls less permeable to necessary osmosis, coagulation of cell proteins, and alteration of enzyme metabolism. These cellular level effects can adversely affect death and reproduction.
Primary producers are affected by warm water because higher water temperature increases plant growth rates, resulting in a shorter lifespan and species overpopulation. This can cause an algae bloom which reduces the oxygen levels in the water. The higher plant density leads to an increased plant respiration rate because the reduced light intensity decreases photosynthesis. This is similar to the eutrophication that occurs when watercourses are polluted with Leaching agricultural inorganic fertilizers.
A large increase in temperature can lead to the denaturing of life-supporting enzymes by breaking down Hydrogen bond- and disulphide bonds within the quaternary structure of the enzymes. Decreased enzyme activity in aquatic organisms can cause problems such as the inability to break down lipids, which leads to malnutrition.
In limited cases, warm water has little deleterious effect and may even lead to improved function of the receiving aquatic ecosystem. This phenomenon is seen especially in seasonal waters and is known as thermal enrichment. An extreme case is derived from the aggregational habits of the manatee, which often uses power plant discharge sites during winter. Projections suggest that manatee populations would decline upon the removal of these discharges.
The added heat lowers the dissolved oxygen content and may cause serious problems for the plants and animals living there. In extreme cases, major fish kills can result. Warm water may also increase the metabolic rate of aquatic animals, as enzyme activity, meaning that these organisms will consume more food in a shorter time than if their environment was not changed.
Ecological effects — cold water Releases of unnaturally cold water from reservoirs can dramatically change the fish and macroinvertebrate fauna of rivers, and reduce river productivity. In Australia, where many rivers have warmer temperature regimes, native fish species have been eliminated, and macroinvertebrate faunas drastically altered and impoverished, from large stretches of rivers due to cold water thermal pollution.
Computer modeling of thermal pollution In the 1970s there was considerable activity from scientists in quantifying effects of thermal pollution. Hydrologists, physicists, meteorologists, and[computer scientists combined their skills in one of the first interdisciplinary pursuits of the modernenvironmental science era.First came the application of [gaussian function dispersal modeling that forecasts how a thermal [plume (hydrodynamics) |plume is formed from a thermal [point source (pollution) and predicts the distribution of aquatic temperatures.The ultimate model was developed by the [United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency introducing the statistical variationsin meteorology to predict the resulting plume from a thermal outfall.
References
- Michael Hogan, Leda C. Patmore and Harry Seidman, Statistics Prediction of Dynamic Thermal Equilibrium Temperatures using Standard Meteorological Data Bases, United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development EPA-660/2-73-003, August, 1973
- E.L. Thackston and F.L. Parker, Effect of Geography Location on Cooling pond Requirements Vanderbilt University, for Water Quality Office, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Project no. 16130 FDQ, March 1971
- Edward A. Laws, Aquatic Pollution: An Introductory Text, John Wiley and Sons (2000) ISBN 0-471-34875-9
Thermal Pollution
Thermal Pollution. By Rute Neves and Silvia Lourenço. We thank Paulo Fonseca for his cooperation. Environmental engineers and chemical engineers take a narrow view of thermal ...
Thermal pollution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Thermal pollution is a temperature change in natural bodies of water caused by human influence. The temperature change can be upwards or downwards.
thermal pollution - thermalpollution
thermalpollution.net thermal pollution ... You searched for Thermal Pollution
Types: Thermal Pollution ]
This has become an increasing and the most current pollution, owing to the ...
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thermal pollution: see water pollution water pollution, contamination of water resources by harmful wastes; see also sewerage , water supply , pollution , and environmentalism
thermal pollution - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about thermal ...
water pollution. Any addition to fresh or seawater that interferes with biological processes or causes a health or environmental hazard. Common pollutants include nitrates ...
Thermal pollution - Appropedia: The sustainability wiki
Thermal pollution. Thermal Pollution is defined as the addition of unwanted heat to the environment, in particular, to natural waters. This is often a problem related to electrical ...
Thermal Pollution - Sources, Environmental effects, Abatement
The broadest definition of thermal pollution is the degradation of water quality by any process that changes ambient water temperature. Thermal pollution is usually associated with ...
e-Prints Soton - Thermal discharges and pollution.
Thermal discharges and pollution. Langford, T.E. (2001) Thermal discharges and pollution. Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences. Academic Press., 2933-2940. (doi:10.1006/rwos.2001.0051)
Pollution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
... for any contaminant discharge to navigable waters, and also required use of best management practices for a wide range of other water discharges including thermal pollution.